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Saturday, 11 March 2017



                                                        SOLAR INVERTER


WHAT IS AN INVERTER ?
1.A inverter is a device which  converts the direct current into an alternating one.
2.Inveter simply serve the purpose to convert the power just as a transformer does for ac to ac conversion.
3.Inverter doesn't produce any power the power is provided by dc source in its input terminals.
4.A inverter can be rotatary or static one.
5.Rotatary connects to equipment having mechanical elements while static corresponds to elctronic circuitory.

INPUT VOLTAGE IN A INVERTER
A inverter requires a stable dc power source capable of supplying enough current for the intended power demands of the system.  
Input voltage actually depends on the design and purpose of the inverter.
examples such as :-
12vdc for small consumers
24v,36v,48v dc for common standards home energy systems
300v to 400v dc when power is from photovoltaic solar panels.

OUTPUT WAVEFORM
An inverter has the ability to produce square wave,modified sine wave ,pulsed sine wave,pulse width modulated wave or sine wave depending on the circuit design.
square wave- It's a non-sinusoidal periodic waveform which can be represented as a infinite summation of sinusoidal waves.It produces harmonics and is generally unsuitable for sensitive electronics equipments.
Image result for modified sine wavemodified sine wave - It's economical one used in TV,ovens etc while where much accuracy is needed the sine wave is used eg. Laptops. It's the sum of two square waves one of which is phase shifted 90 degrees relative to the other.waveform generally has a pause during the polarity reversal.During operation with modified sine wave loads actually has low eficiency and also produces a humming sound.




DUTY CYCLE - it corresponds to the fraction of time for which pulse is activated.
duty cycle = active time / total time for one period
eg. For a square wave duty cycle is 50%.
OUTPUT CONVERSION
A inverter actually converts the dc electricity from the sources like fuel cells or batteries.
1.Batteries are connected in series in order to increase the amount of voltage.
2.Batteries are connected in parallel in order to increase the ampere hour rating.

PROJECTS FOR FINAL YEAR { ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING } MATLAB BASED 


1.Grid connected Solar Inverter
2.Modelling and circuit based simulation of photovoltaic array
3.Create a fault on transmission line
4.Smart Grid
5.Modelling and simulation of 5 phase permanent magnet synchronous motor using sliding controller

Saturday, 4 March 2017

EASY SYNTAX BASED MATLAB QUESTIONS 



1. We use MATLAB to solve an equation 2x + 3 = 0. What is the correct function to call and what is the syntax:
(a) find(‘2 * x + 3’)
(b) roots(‘2 * x + 3’)
(c) solve(‘2 * x + 3’)
(d) solve(‘2 * x + 3’, 0)

2. To calculate the limit lim x -- 2+ [ (x+3/x+4) ]
the correct MATLAB call is:
(a) limit((x + 3)/(x – 4), 2, +)
(b) limit((x + 3)/(x – 4)), 2,+
(c) limit((x + 3)/(x – 4), 2, ‘right’)
(d) limit((x + 3)/(x – 4), 2), right

3. To generate a set of uniformly spaced points for 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 you can write:
(a) x = linspace(0:10);
(b) x = linspace(0:0.1:10);
(c) x = linspace(0, 10, ‘u’);
(d) x = linspace(0, 10);

4. You want to plot two curves y1 and y2 against x. To plot y1 as a red lineand y2 as a blue line, the correct command is:
(a) plot(x, y1, ‘r’, x, y2, ‘b’)
(b) plot(x, y1, ‘r’, y2, ‘b’)
(c) plot(x, y1, “r”, y2, “b”)
(d) plot(x, y1, x, y2), color(‘r’, ‘b’)


5. You want to plot a curve as a dashed blue line. The correct command is:
(a) plot(x, y, ‘b–’)
(b) plot(x, y, ‘b–’)
(c) plot(x, y, ‘b’, ‘–’)

6. To add a title to a graph, the correct command is:
(a) plot(x, y, ‘title–>‘Plot of Sin(x)’)
(b) plot(x, y, ‘Plot of Sin(x)’)
(c) plot(x, y), title(‘Plot of Sin(x)’)
(d) plot(x, y), Title(‘Plot of Sin(x)’)

7. To plot a curve as a red dotted line, the correct command is:
(a) plot(x, y, ‘r’, ‘:’)
(b) plot(x, y, ‘r:’)
(c) plot(x, y, ‘r.’)

8. To create a symbolic function f(t) = sin(t) the best command to use is:
(a) syms t; f = sin(t);
(b) syms t; f = sin(‘t’);
(c) syms t; f = ‘sin(t)’;
(d) a or c

9. To plot a symbolic function f you call:
(a) quickplot( f )
(b) symplot( f )
(c) ezplot( f )      
(d) plot( f, ‘symbolic’)

10. You want to use ezplot to generate a graph of a function f and its second derivative on the same graph. The correct command is:
(a) ezplot( f, diff( f, 2))
(b) subplot(1, 2, 1); ezplot( f ) subplot(1, 2, 2); ezplot(diff( f, 2))
(c) ezplot( f ); hold on ezplot(diff( f, 2))
(d) ezplot( f ); hold; ezplot(diff( f, 2));

11. You want to use ezplot to generate a graph of a function f and its second
derivative in side-by-side plots. The correct command is:
(a) subplot(1, 2, 1); ezplot( f ) subplot(1, 2, 2); ezplot(diff( f, 2))
(b) ezplot(subplot(1, f ), subplot(2, diff( f, 2))
(c) ezplot( f ); hold on ezplot(diff( f, 2))

12. You have created a symbolic function f. To display its third derivative, you
can write:
(a) f’’’’
(b) f’’’’ or diff( f, 3)
(c) derivative( f, 3)
(d) diff( f, 3)

13. The subplot command
(a) Allows you to generate several plots contained in the same figure.
(b) Allows you to plot multiple curves on the same graph.
(c) MATLAB does not have a subplot command.

14. Calling subplot(m, n, p)
(a) Divides a figure into an array of plots with m rows and n columns,
putting the current plot at pane p.
(b) Plots curve n against m in pane p.
(c) Plots curve p at location (row, column) = (m, n)
(d) MATLAB does not have a subplot command.


15. If A is a column vector, we can create the transpose or row vector B by writing:
(a) B = transpose(A)
(b) B = A
(c) B = t(A)
(d) B = trans(A)

16. Suppose that x = 7 and y = –3. The statement x ~= y in MATLAB will generate:
(a) ans = 1
(b) ans = 0
(c) ans = –1
(d) An error

17. To enter the elements 1 –2 3 7 in a column vector, we type:
(a) [1: –2:3:7]
(b) [1, –2,3,7]
(c) [ 1; –2; 3; 7]
(d) [1 –2 3 7]

18. To compute the square of a vector f of data, write:
(a) sqr( f )
(b) f. ^ 2
(c) f ^ 2
(d) square( f )

19. To generate the fourth order Taylor expansion of a function f about the
origin, use:
(a) Taylor( f, 4)
(b) taylor( f, 4)
(c) taylor( f ), terms(‘4’)
(d) taylor, f, 4

20. A function is defined as f = a * x ^ 2 – 2. The command solve( f, a) yields:
(a) 2/a
(b) 2/x
(c) –2/x
(d) An error: rhs must be specified.


21. A variable called y has one row and 11 columns. If we type size(yMATLAB returns:
(a) 11
(b) 1 11
(c) 11 1
(d) (1, 11)

22. To implement a for loop which ranges over 1 ≤ x ≤ 5 in increments of 0.5
the best command is:
(a) for i = 1, 5, 0.5
(b) for i = 1:0.5:5
(c) for loop i = 1, 5, 0.5
(d) loop i = 1:0.5:5 do

23. A function y = exp(-2*x)  is defined numerically for some data range x. It can be entered using:
(a) y = exp(–x) * exp(–x)
(b) y = sqr(exp(–x))
(c) y = exp(–x). * exp(–x)
(d) y = sqrt(exp(–x))

24. To find the largest value in a column vector x, type:
(a) max(x)
(b) maximum(x)
(c) largest(x)

25. The labels used by MATLAB on an x–y plot are specified with:
(a) The labels command.
(b) The xlabel and ylabel command.
(c) The label command
(d) The text command

26. To specify the domain and range used in an xy plot where a <=x <= bc <=y <= d
(a) axis([a b c d ])
(b) axis(a b c d )
(c) axis([a, b, c, d ])
(d) axis a, b, c, d

27. To plot a log-log plot, the correct command is:
(a) plot(x, y, ‘log-log’)
(b) loglog(x, y)
(c) log(x, y)
(d) logplot(x, y)

28. When solving a differential equation using MATLAB, the dsolve command expects the user to indicate a second derivative of y = f(x) by typing:
(a) y’’
(b) diff(y, 2)
(c) D ^ 2y
(d) D2y
(e) D(Dy)

29. To find a solution of
Dy/dt+ 2y = 0
The best syntax to use in MATLAB is:
(a) diff(‘y’ + 2 * y = 0’)
(b) dsolve(‘Dy + 2 * y’)
(c) dsolve(‘Dy + 2 * y = 0’)
(d) diff(Dy + 2y)

30. Who invented MATLAB and when ?
a.Cleve Moler (1987)
b.Jack Little (1992)
c.Cleve Moler (1985)
d.John Little (1987)